This Figure looks at four important output factors from the perspective of the hospital stakeholder in the hypothetical setting of 1000 qualified COPD patients treated with NIPPV versus no NIV.  In the upper lefthand corner, based on the readmission and mortality rates discussed in Figure 11, it can be seen that in year 1 the cost to the hospital for patients who received no NIV the hospital cost would be roughly $2.1 million compared to patients treated with NIPPV where the cost to the hospital is well under $500,000.  When followed out to a 5-year horizon and looking also at survival and overall readmission rates (shown on the bottom panels), the result is a cumulative savings to the hospital of treating hypothetical 1000 patients over a 5-year period of over $5 million.