FIG. 18:  There is no clear consensus on how best to manage Op-CSA.  As listed in this Figure, the most commonsense approach is to use the lowest effective opioid dose or, if possible, to use nonopioid pain medications.  Other considerations, aside from trying to minimize exposure and to avoid potentially aggravating concurrent drugs, are to use supplemental oxygen or positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy of various modalities, and also pharmacologic therapy, e.g., acetazolamide or theophylline, or inhaled carbon dioxide.