FIG. 3:  Central sleep apnea (CSA), like obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), has many phenotypes.  It can be a manifestation of many different medical conditions, such as heart failure or neurological disorders, or even chronic opioid use.  In all cases of CSA, the defining feature is the simultaneous absence of airflow and effort to reestablish it that lasts about 10 seconds.  However, the respiratory patterns recorded by polysomnography may be highly variable, depending on the pathogenesis. 

This presentation will focus on two CSA conditions: opioid-induced CSA (Op-CSA) and treatment-emergent CSA (TE-CSA). For each of these conditions the presentation will review disease prevalence, mechanisms, treatments, and clinical outcomes, as well as management recommendations for each.