FIG. 50:  In summary, persistent TE-CSA is rare in patients with OSA, probably occurring about 1–2% of cases, and the majority of patients resolve overtime with CPAP therapy alone.  Unfortunately, there are no data as to who those patients are going to be.  PAP therapy is recommended for OSA, as well as for TE-CSA, although there are no outcome data to know what the clinical consequences will be.  Of note, there are few data regarding any other forms of treatment for TE-CSA, such as dead space ventilation or inhaled CO₂.