Burger - Figure 13
Variants are frequent
FIG. 13: This Figure shows the results of a study reported in 2012[8] that looked at factors related to upstaging following TURB and subsequent cystectomy in patients treated at 2 centers in Canada and Finland between 1992 and 2008. The study found two factors to be of relevance: lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and histological variants. Only the Canadian center, the University Health Network Toronto, reported histological variants, which they found to be a significant predictor of upstaging.
References
[8]
Turker P, Bostrom PJ, Wroclawski ML, et al. Upstaging of urothelial cancer at the time of radical cystectomy: factors associated with upstaging and its effect on outcome. BJU Int. 2012;110:804−11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.10939.x