Witjes - Figure 58

Other new strategies

FIG. 58:  Among the new strategies, the checkpoint inhibitors are being used in muscle-invasive bladder cancer and in metastatic bladder cancer.  There are also trials ongoing in NMI bladder cancer; early results with programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and ligand (PD-L1) antagonists and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antagonists look promising.[49]

References

[49]

Popovic LS, Matovina-Brko G, Popovic M. Checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of urological malignancies. ESMO Open. 2017;2(2):e000165 https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fesmoopen-2017-000165