Witjes - Figure 58
Other new strategies
FIG. 58: Among the new strategies, the checkpoint inhibitors are being used in muscle-invasive bladder cancer and in metastatic bladder cancer. There are also trials ongoing in NMI bladder cancer; early results with programmed cell death 1(PD-1) and ligand (PD-L1) antagonists and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antagonists look promising.[49]
References
[49]
Popovic LS, Matovina-Brko G, Popovic M. Checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of urological malignancies. ESMO Open. 2017;2(2):e000165 https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fesmoopen-2017-000165