Shariat - Figure 24
Visualisation Techniques
FIG. 24: Today multiple technologies are available to identify additional cancer areas, specifically CIS, that are often overlooked. Standard white light cystoscopy, which remains the gold standard, misses up to 20% of significant lesions. Fluorescence cystoscopy is highly promising, improving the rate of detection of CIS and thereby decreasing the risk of residual tumor after TURBT, and is very useful in patients with positive cytology and negative findings on white-light cystoscopy.[29,30]
References
Burger M, Grossman HB, Droller M, et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with hexaminolevulinate cystoscopy: a meta-analysis of detection and recurrence based on raw data. Eur Urol. 2013;64:846−54 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2013.03.059
Babjuk M, Böhle A, Burger M, et al. EAU guidelines on non–muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: Update 2016. Eur Urol. 2017;71:2447−61 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.05.041