Shariat - Figure 56
Is one biomarker sufficient?
FIG. 56: As has been shown by multiple research groups, a single biomarker is not sufficient to determine the outcome of T1 bladder cancer.[73,74] Multiple biomarkers need to be integrated to assess independent and redundant pathways in order to determine the full prognosis and biological potential of the single cell.
References
Shariat SF, Tokunaga H, Zhou J, et al. p53, p21, pRB, and p16 expression predict clinical outcome in cystectomy with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1014−24 http://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.03.118
Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Use of combined apoptosis biomarkers for prediction of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality after radical cystectomy. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:128−36 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70002-5