Stenzl - Figure 33
Recent and Current Trials of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Urothelial Carcinoma
FIG. 33: Checkpoint inhibitors have been approved in the United States, and, of those, one (nivolumab) has been approved in Europe so far, with several others pending approval in the near future. Application of these checkpoint inhibitors is being investigated not only as first- and second-line therapy and for patients who are not eligible for cisplatin-based first-line therapy for metastatic disease, but also in the adjuvant setting, in the neoadjuvant setting (see previous Figure), but even for NMI disease, as previously discussed.[21] They may be helpful in the treatment of T1 tumors, the early infiltrating tumors that have not yet reached the muscle and where it may be prudent to be more conservative in the treatment strategy of this high-grade tumor.
References
Powles T, Smith K, Stenzl A, Bedke J. Immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic urothelial cancer. Eur Urol. Published online April 13, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.047
